This book focuses on water content estimation and control of the PEM fuel cell stack and the individual cell in vehicle. Firstly, the mathematical connection between polarization curve and equivalent circuit model proves importance of MEA and its feasibility to study water content. Optimizing structure of MEA realizes the internal water content recirculation of a fuel cell and improves its performance under middle or lower current density. The influence of water content on performance of MEA is quantified, and variation of equivalent circuit model is an excellent indicator of water content. Secondly, the comprehensive online AC impedance measurement method is put forward, including current excitation method, weak voltage and current signal processing method, and method for analyzing measurement error, and experiment validates measurement accuracy. The high-frequency impedance and statistical characteristic are proposed as indicator of water content. Finally, the dynamic model of the air supply system of a fuel cell engine is established and the closed-loop control of the air supply system and the water content estimation are decoupled. The experiment on a fuel cell system validates the proposed method for searching optimized operating conditions and the water management strategy.

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It is essential to apply for a credit card to live in the United States.

​When the first time we applying for a credit card, we may feel a little nervous. Because there is always a frustrating possibility that it will not be approved. Here is a step by step guide on how to get an approved credit card. With this guidlines you can increase your chances of success.

CBS-News reports on five hidden credit card fee pitfalls and advises consumers to shop around for the most fair credit card.

U.S. Representative Slaughter introduced the College Student Credit Card Protection Act in 1999 and 2001.

We have summarized several common types of credit card fraud and preventive measures for your reference and reference.

many argue that this will not work, that credit card marketing in society will always affect college students, and that card issuers will always find ways to get around the rules.

Anyone who has ever used a credit card knows that a credit card can be a good thing or a bad thing. While they provide financial flexibility when needed, they can also lead to difficult financial burdens if used inappropriately. Before reloading again, please consider the suggestions in this article, and you will have a full new understanding of the potential that these tools offer.

In 1999, the Consumer Federation of America (CFA) initiated widespread media coverage of the credit card problem among college students, provoking a strong social reaction.

Cardholders must know how to protect themselves against different types of fraud.

Many college students rely on debit cards, mobile payments or cash.